Melanoma (black skin cancer)

Malignant melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a malignant tumor of the pigment-forming cells of the skin. Although it only accounts for around five percent of all skin cancers, melanoma is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths as it can metastasize early. The incidence is rising continuously worldwide. The most important risk factor is UV radiation, with particularly intensive, intermittent sun exposure and childhood sunburns increasing the risk. People with fair skin, blond or red hair, light-colored eyes and many freckles have a significantly increased risk. Other factors include a high number of moles, atypical nevi, a family history of melanoma and sunbed use before the age of 35. Melanomas can develop from existing moles or be newly formed. The ABCDE rule is used for the early detection of suspicious skin changes: asymmetry, irregular borders, several shades of color, diameter over five millimeters and elevation or change in size, shape or color. Not all criteria have to be met. Any change in a mole should be clarified by a doctor. The diagnosis is made by examination with a dermatoscope. If there is any suspicion, the spot should be completely removed with a safety margin and examined histopathologically. The histopathological examination determines important parameters such as tumor thickness, which is decisive for the prognosis. If the melanoma is confirmed, examinations are carried out to rule out metastases. The standard therapy is surgical removal with a sufficient safety margin. Modern therapies are now available for metastatic melanoma: targeted therapies and immunotherapies have significantly improved the prognosis. The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Thin melanomas have an excellent prognosis with cure rates of over 95 percent. Consistent sun protection and regular skin examinations are essential for prevention and early detection.