Genital warts (condylomata acuminata, genital warts)

Genital warts, also known as condylomata acuminata or genital warts, are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. They are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), primarily by the low-risk types HPV 6 and 11. Transmission occurs through direct skin or mucous membrane contact during sexual intercourse. Condoms do not offer complete protection, as uncovered skin areas can also be affected. The incubation period is weeks to months, sometimes even years. Not every contact with HPV leads to visible warts. Genital warts appear as small, skin-colored or reddish nodules in the genital region and on the anus. They can appear individually or join together to form larger, cauliflower-like formations. The surface is often rough. In men, the glans, foreskin, penis shaft and anal area are preferentially affected, in women the vulva, vagina, cervix and anal area. The warts usually cause no pain, but can itch, burn or bleed. Diagnosis is made by inspection. Women should have a gynecological examination with a smear test to rule out high-risk HPV types that can cause cervical cancer. A tissue sample is useful if the findings are unclear. Genital warts can disappear on their own, but this can take months to years. Treatment is nevertheless recommended to reduce the risk of infection and alleviate symptoms. Various therapies are available: Solutions or creams with podophyllotoxin or imiquimod for self-application, icing with liquid nitrogen, laser therapy, surgical removal or electrocautery. Several treatments are often necessary. Even after successful treatment, recurrences can occur as the virus can remain in the body. The HPV vaccination protects against the most common types of HPV that cause warts and should ideally be given before the first sexual contact. It is recommended for girls and boys between the ages of 9 and 14.